International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (PME)

Proceedings of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education · Volume 1

Eliciting the Discernment of Variables in Young Children Through Betta-the-bee Game

Raffaele Casi, Cristina Sabena, Carlotta Soldano

Università di Torino

49th Annual Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, PME 2026Helsinki27 July 2026 - 1 August 2026pp. 1283–1290ISSN 2790-36482026Scopus conference code 336559
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Abstract

Grounding on Variation Theory, this study examines how four-year-old children identify and manage critical aspects of visual stimuli during gameplay in a kindergarten setting, and how teacher scaffolding supports this process. Data were drawn from the implementation of the Betta-the-Bee card game, a mathematically rich game designed to engage children with the discernment of numeric and spatial variables depicted on the game cards. Findings from a case-study analysis indicate that structured, variation-rich games can effectively foster dynamic discernment processes, with teacher guidance playing a crucial role in supporting these emerging skills.

Keywords

discernmentgameskindergartenvariation theory

Recommended citation

Casi, R., Sabena, C., & Soldano, C. (2026). Eliciting the Discernment of Variables in Young Children Through Betta-the-bee Game. In Krzywacki H., Hähkiöniemi M., Haataja E., Hannula M.S., Hästö P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, Volume 1 (pp. 1283–1290). Psychology of Mathematics Education (PME). ISSN 2790-3648.

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