International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (PME)

Proceedings of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education · Volume 1

Development and Validation of a Test Instrument for Assessing Functional Thinking in Secondary Education

Gilbert Greefrath, Emilia Bommert, Katharina Kirsten

University of Münster

49th Annual Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, PME 2026Helsinki27 July 2026 - 1 August 2026pp. 531–538ISSN 2790-36482026Scopus conference code 336559
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Abstract

Functional thinking is considered a fundamental prerequisite for understanding key mathematical concepts. This study examines the structure of functional thinking based on the facets of input-output assignment, covariation and objects. To this end, an economic testing instrument was developed and evaluated with N = 153 Year 11 students. Confirmatory factor analyses confirm that the theoretically postulated three-dimensional model represents the data significantly better than a one-dimensional model. The instrument enables a differentiated diagnosis of individual thinking patterns at the transition to upper secondary school and provides a valid basis for research and practice in mathematics education.

Keywords

functional thinkingtest instrumentthree-dimensional model

Recommended citation

Greefrath, G., Bommert, E., & Kirsten, K. (2026). Development and Validation of a Test Instrument for Assessing Functional Thinking in Secondary Education. In Krzywacki H., Hähkiöniemi M., Haataja E., Hannula M.S., Hästö P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, Volume 1 (pp. 531–538). Psychology of Mathematics Education (PME). ISSN 2790-3648.

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