International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (PME)

Proceedings of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education · Volume 1

Primary Students’ Mathematics Related Costs

Pia Ilomanni, Eeva Haataja, Laura Niemi, Jelena Radišić, Anu Laine

University of Helsinki

49th Annual Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, PME 2026Helsinki27 July 2026 - 1 August 2026pp. 675–682ISSN 2790-36482026Scopus conference code 336559
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Abstract

Cost is a dimension of math motivation reflecting the effort and resources associated with learning mathematics, making it an important part of students’ motivation and learning experience. This study aimed to clarify the factors associated with cost by applying regression tree analysis to a data consisting of 1579 elementary students and their parents. The regression tree was trained first with a smaller dataset and then evaluated on a larger independent dataset. The analysis revealed that students perceived competence was the most prominent factor, with lower perceived competence linked to higher cost values. Mathematics performance and parental expectations further differentiated subgroups, while school-based remedial teaching and additional math clubs explained variation in smaller branches.

Keywords

Mathematics motivationcost valueprimary schoolregression tree analysis

Recommended citation

Ilomanni, P., Haataja, E., Niemi, L., Radišić, J., & Laine, A. (2026). Primary Students’ Mathematics Related Costs. In Krzywacki H., Hähkiöniemi M., Haataja E., Hannula M.S., Hästö P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, Volume 1 (pp. 675–682). Psychology of Mathematics Education (PME). ISSN 2790-3648.

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